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  RIFE'S MICROSCOPE - THE SMITHSONIAN REPORT
  From the Annual Report of the Board of Regents of
  The Smithsonian Institution - 1944



                          The Universal Microscope

   It  is only a reasonable supposition, but already, in one instance,
   a very successful and highly commendable achievement on the part of
   Dr.  Royal Raymond Rife  of  San  Diego,  California, who, for many
   years, has built  and  worked  with  light  microscopes  which  far
   surpasses  the  theoretical  limitations of the ordinary variety of
   instrument, all  the  Rife  scopes  possessing  superior ability to
   attain high magnification with accompanying high resolution.

   The largest and most powerful of these, the  Universal  Microscope,
   developed in 1933, consists of 5,682 parts and is so called because
   of  its  adaptability  in  all  fields of microscopical work, being
   fully  equipped  with   separate   substage   condenser  units  for
   transmitted  and  monochromatic  beam  dark-field,  polarized,  and
   slit-ultra  illumination,  including  also  a  special  device  for
   crystallography.  The entire optical system of lenses and prisms as
   well as the illuminating units are made  of  block-crystal  quartz,
   quartz being especially transparent to ultraviolet radiations.

   This  illuminating  unit used for examining the filterable forms of
   disease organisms contains 14 lenses and  prisms, 3 of which are in
   the high-intensity incandescent lamp, 4 in the Risley prism, and  7
   in  the  achromatic  condenser which, incidentally, has a numerical
   aperture of 1.40.  Between the source of light and the specimen are
   subtended two circular,  wedge-shaped,  block-crystal quartz prisms
   for the  purpose  of  polarizing  the  light  passing  through  the
   specimen,  polarization  being  the  practical  application  of the
   theory that light waves vibrate  in all planes perpendicular to the
   direction in which they are propagated.

   Therefore, when light comes into contact with a  polarizing  prism,
   it is divided or split into two beams, one of which is refracted to
   such  an  extent  that  it  is  reflected  to the side of the prism
   without, of course, passing through the prism while the second ray,
   bent considerably less, is thus  enabled  to pass through the prism
   to illuminate the specimen.

   When the quartz prisms on the universal microscope,  which  may  be
   rotated  with  vernier  control through 360 degrees, are rotated in
   opposite directions, they serve  to  bend  the transmitted beams of
   light at variable angles of incidence while, at the  same  time,  a
   spectrum is projected up into the axis of the microscope, or rather
   a  small  portion  of  the spectrum to the other, going all the way
   from the infrared to the ultraviolet.

   NOW, WHEN THAT PORTION OF THE SPECTRUM IS REACHED IN WHICH BOTH THE
   ORGANISM AND THE COLOR BAND  VIBRATE  IN EXACT ACCORD, ONE WITH THE
   OTHER,  A  DEFINITE  CHARACTERISTIC  SPECTRUM  IS  EMITTED  BY  THE
   ORGANISM.

   In the case of the filter-passing form of  the  BACILLUS  TYPHOSUS,
   for  instance,  A  BLUE  SPECTRUM  IS  EMITTED  AND  THE  PLANE  OF
   POLARIZATION DEVIATED PLUS (+) 4.8 DEGREES.

   The  predominating  chemical  constituents of the organism are next
   ascertained after which the quartz  prisms  are adjusted or set, by
   means of vernier control, to minus (-) 4.8 degrees  (again  in  the
   case  of  the filter-passing form of the BACILLUS TYPHOSUS) so that
   the opposite angle of refraction may be obtained.

   A MONOCHROMATIC BEAM  OF  LIGHT,  CORRESPONDING  **EXACTLY** TO THE
   FREQUENCY OF THE ORGANISM  (for  Dr.   Rife  has  found  that  EACH
   DISEASE  ORGANISM  RESPONDS TO AND HAS A DEFINITE AND DISTINCT WAVE
   LENGTH, a fact confirmed  by  British  medical research workers) IS
   THEN SENT UP THROUGH THE SPECIMEN AND THE DIRECT TRANSMITTED LIGHT,
   THUS ENABLING THE OBSERVER TO VIEW THE ORGANISM STAINED IN ITS TRUE
   CHEMICAL COLOR and revealing ITS  OWN  INDIVIDUAL  STRUCTURE  IN  A
   FIELD WHICH IS BRILLIANT WITH LIGHT.

   The  objectives  used  on  the  universal microscope are a 1.12 dry
   lens, a 1.16 water immersion, a  1.18 oil immersion, and a 1.25 oil
   immersion.  The rays of light refracted by the specimen  enter  the
   objective and are then carried up the tube IN PARALLEL RAYS through
   21  light  bends  to  the ocular, A TOLERANCE OF LESS THAN ONE WAVE
   LENGTH OF VISIBLE LIGHT ONLY  BEING  PERMITTED IN THE CORE BEAM, OR
   CHIEF RAY, OF ILLUMINATION.

   Now, instead of the light rays starting up the tube in  a  parallel
   fashion,  TENDING  TO  CONVERGE  AS  THEY  RISE  HIGHER AND FINALLY
   CROSSING  EACH  OTHER,   arriving   at   the  ocular  SEPARATED  BY
   CONSIDERABLE DISTANCE  as  would  be  the  case  with  an  ordinary
   microscope,  IN  THE  UNIVERSAL TUBE THE RAYS ALSO START THEIR RISE
   PARALLEL TO EACH OTHER BUT, JUST AS THEY ARE ABOUT TO PULL THEM OUT
   PARALLEL AGAIN, ANOTHER PRISM BEING INSERTED EACH TIME THE RAYS ARE
   ABOUT READY TO CROSS.

   These prisms, inserted in the tube,  which are adjusted and held in
   alignment by micrometer screws  of  100  threads  to  the  inch  in
   special  tracks  made  of  magnelium  (magnelium having the closest
   coefficient of expansion of any  metal to quartz), are separated by
   a distance OF ONLY 30 MILLIMETERS.

   Thus, THE  GREATEST  DISTANCE  THAT  THE  IMAGE  in  the  universal
   microscope  IS  PROJECTED  THROUGH  ANY ONE MEDIA, EITHER QUARTZ OR
   AIR, IS 30 MILLIMETERS INSTEAD OF  THE 160, 180, OR 190 MILLIMETERS
   as in the empty or air-filled tubes of an ordinary microscope,  the
   total  distance  which the light rays travel ZIGZAG FASHION through
   the universal tube  being  449  MILLIMETERS,  although the physical
   length of the tube itself is 229 millimeters.

   It will be recalled that if one pierces a black strip of  paper  or
   cardboard  with  the  point of a needle and then brings the card up
   close to the eye so that  the  hole  is  in the optic axis, a small
   brilliantly  lighted  object  will  appear  LARGER   AND   CLEARER,
   REVEALING  MORE  FINE  DETAIL, than if it were viewed from the same
   distance without the assistance of the card.

   This is explained  by  the  fact  that  the  beam  of light passing
   through the card  is  very  narrow,  the  rays  entering  the  eye,
   therefore, being practically parallel, whereas without the card the
   beam  of light is much wider and the DIFFUSION CIRCLES MUCH LARGER.
   It is this principle of  parallel  rays in the universal microscope
   and the resultant shortening of projection distance between any two
   blocks or  prisms  plus  the  fact  that  objectives  can  thus  be
   substituted  for oculars, these "oculars" being THREE MATCHED PAIRS
   OF  10-MILLIMETER,  7-MILLIMETER,  AND  4-MILLIMETER  OBJECTIVES IN
   SHORT MOUNTS, which would make possible not only the unusually high
   magnification and resolution  but  which  SERVE  TO  ELIMINATE  ALL
   DISTORTION AS WELL AS ALL CHROMATIC AND SPHERICAL ABERRATION.

        Quartz  slides  with  especially thin quartz cover glasses are
   used when a tissue section or culture slant is examined, the tissue
   section itself also being  very  thin.  An additional observational
   tube and ocular which yield a magnification of 1,800 diameters  are
   provided  so  that that portion of the specimen which it is desired
   should be examined may  be  located  and  so  that the observer can
   adjust himself more readily  when  viewing  a  section  at  a  high
   magnification.

        The  universal  stage  is  a  double  rotating stage graduated
   through 360  degrees  in  quarter-minute  are  divisions, the upper
   segment carrying the mechanical  stage  having  a  movement  of  40
   degrees,  plus  or  minus.   Heavily  constructed  joints and screw
   adjustments maintain rigidity  of  the  microscope which weighs 200
   pounds and stands 24 inches high, the  bases  of  the  scope  being
   nickel  cast-steel  plates,  accurately surfaced, and equipped with
   three leveling screws and  two  spirit  levels  set at angles of 90
   degrees.  The coarse adjustment,  a  block  thread  screw  with  40
   threads  to  the  inch,  slides  in  a  1  1/2 dovetail which gibes
   directly  onto  the  pillar  post.   The  weight  of  the quadruple
   nosepiece and  the  objective  system  is  taken  care  of  by  the
   intermediate adjustment at the top of the body tube.  The stage, in
   conjunction with a hydraulic life, acts as a lever in operating the
   fine adjustment.  A 6-gauge screw having 100 threads to the inch is
   worked  through  a  gland into a hollow, glycerine-filled post, the
   glycerine being displaced  and  replaced  at  will  as the screw is
   turned clockwise or anticlockwise, allowing a 5-to -1 ratio on  the
   lead  screw.   This,  accordingly, assures complete absence of drag
   and inertia.  The fine  adjustment  being  700 times more sensitive
   then that of ordinary microscopes, the length of time  required  to
   focus  the universal ranges up to 1 1/2 hours which, while on first
   consideration, may seem a disadvantage,  is  after all but a slight
   inconvenience when compared with the many years of research and the
   hundreds of thousands of dollars spent and being spent in an effort
   to isolate and to look upon disease-causing organisms in their true
   form.

        Working together back in 1931 and using  one  of  the  smaller
   Rife  microscope  having  a  magnification and resolution of 17,000
   diameters,  Dr.   Rife  and  Dr.   Arthur  Isaac  Kendall,  of  the
   department  of  bacteriology  of  Northwestern  University  Medical
   School, were able to  observe  and  demonstrate the presence of the
   filter-passing forms of BACILLUS TYPHOSUS.  An agar  slant  culture
   of  the  Rawlings strain of BACILLUS TYPHOSUS was first prepared by
   Dr.  Kendall and inoculated into  6  cc.   of "Kendall" K Medium, a
   medium rich in protein but poor in peptone and  consisting  of  100
   mg.   of  dries  hog  intestine  and  6  cc.   of  tyrode  solution
   (containing  neither glucose nor glycerine) which mixture is shaken
   well  so  as  to  moisten  the  dried  intestine  powder  and  then
   sterilized in the autoclave, 15  pounds for 15 minutes, alterations
   of  the  medium  being  frequently  necessary  depending  upon  the
   requirements for different organisms.  Now, after a  period  of  18
   hours  in this K Medium, the culture was passed through a Berkefeld
   "N" filter, a drop of the filtrate being added to another 6 cc.  of
   K Medium and incubated  at  37  degrees  C. Forty-eight hours later
   this same process was repeated, the "N" filter  again  being  used,
   after  which  it  was noted that the culture no longer responded to
   peptone medium,  growing  now  only  in  the  protein medium.  When
   again, within 24 hours, the culture was passed through a filter-the
   finest Berkefeld "W" filter, a drop of the filtrate was  once  more
   added  to  6  cc.   of  K  Medium and incubated at 37 degrees c., a
   period of 3 days elapsing before a new culture was transferred to K
   Medium and yet another 3  days  before  a new culture was prepared.
   Then, viewed under an  ordinary  microscope,  these  cultures  were
   observed  to  be  turbid and to reveal no bacilli whatsoever.  When
   viewed by means of  dark-field illumination and oil-immersion lens,
   however, the  presence  of  small,  actively  motile  granules  was
   established,  although nothing at all of their individual structure
   could be ascertained.   Another  period  of  4  days was allowed to
   elapse before these cultures  were  transferred  to  K  Medium  and
   incubated  at  37  degrees  C.  for  24  hours  when they were then
   examined under the Rife microscope where, as was mentioned earlier,
   the filterable typhoid  bacilli,  emitting  a blue spectrum, caused
   the plane of polarization to be deviated plus  4.8  degrees.   Then
   when  the  opposite  angle  of  refraction was obtained by means of
   adjusting the  polarizing  prisms  to  minus  4.8  degrees  and the
   cultures  illuminated  by  a  monochromatic  beam  coordinated   in
   frequency  with  the chemical constituents of the typhoid bacillus,
   small  oval  actively  motile,  bright  turquoise-blue  bodies were
   observed at a magnificatinn of 5,000 diameters, in high contrast to
   the  colorless  and  motionless  debris  of  the   medium.    These
   observations  were  repeated  eight  times, the complete absence of
   these bodies in uninoculated control K Media also being noted.

        To further confirm their findings, Drs.  Rife and Kendall nest
   examined 18-hour-old  cultures  which  had  been  inoculated into K
   Medium and incubated at 37 degrees C., since it  is  just  at  this
   stage  of  growth  in  this medium and at this temperature that the
   cultures become filterable.   And,  just  as  had been anticipated,
   ordinary dark-field examination revealed unchanged, long,  actively
   motile bacilli; bacilli having granules within their substance; and
   free-swimming,  actively  motile  granules;  while  under  the Rife
   microscope  were  demonstrated  the  same  long,  unchanged, almost
   colorless bacilli; bacilli, practically colorless,  inside  and  at
   one  end  of  which  was  a  turquoise-blue  granule resembling the
   filterable forms  of  the  typhoid  bacillus;  and  free- swimming,
   small,  oval,  actively  motile,   turquoise-blue   granules.    By
   transplanting the cultures of the filter-passing organisms or virus
   into  a  broth,  they  were  seen  to  change over again into their
   original rodlike forms.

        At the same time that these findings of Drs.  Rife and Kendall
   were confirmed by Dr.  Edward  C.  Rosenow, of the Mayo Foundation,
   the magnification with accompanying resolution of  8,000  diameters
   of  the Rife microscope, operated by Dr.  Rife, was checked against
   a dark- field oil-immersion scope  operated  by Dr.  Kendall and an
   ordinary 2- mm.  oil-immersion objective, x 10 ocular, Zeiss  scope
   operated  by  Dr.   Rosenow  at  a  magnification of 900 diameters.
   Examinations of  gram  and  safranin-stained  films  of  culture of
   Bacillus typhosus, gram and safranin-stained films of blood and  of
   the sediment of the spinal fluid from a case of acute poliomyelitis
   were made with the result that bacilli, streptococci, erythrocytes,
   polymorphonuclear  leukocytes, and lymphocytes measuring nine times
   the diameter of the same  specimens  observed under the Zeiss scope
   at a magnification and resolution of 900 diameters,  were  revealed
   with  unusual  clarity.   Seem under the dark-field microscope were
   moving bodies presumed to be the filterable turquois-blue bodies of
   the typhoid bacillus which,  as  Dr.   Rosenow  has declared in his
   report     (Observations     on     filter-passing     forms     of
   Eberthella-typhi-Bacillus typhosus - and of the streptococcus  from
   poliomyelitis,  Proc.   Staff  Meeting Mayo Clinic, July 13, 1932),
   were so  "unmistakably  demonstrated"  with  Rife microscope, while
   under the Zeiss scope  stained  and  hanging-drop  preparations  of
   clouded filtrate culture were found to be uniformly negative.  With
   the  Rife microscope also were demonstrated brownish-gray cocci and
   diplococci  in  hanging-drop  preparations   of  the  filtrates  of
   streptococcus from  poliomyelitis.   These  cocci  and  diplococci,
   similar  in size and shape to those seen in the culture although of
   more uniform intensity, and  characteristic  of the medium in which
   they had been cultivated, were surrounded by  a  clear  halo  about
   twice  the  width  of  that at the margins of the debris and of the
   Bacillus  typhosus.   Stained  films   of  filtrates  and  filtrate
   sediments examined under the Zeiss  microscope,  and  hanging-drop,
   dark-field    preparations    revealed   no   organisms,   however.
   Brownish-gray cocci  and  diplococci  of  the  exact  same size and
   density as those observed in the  filtrates  of  the  streptococcus
   cultures  were  also  revealed  in hanging-drop preparations of the
   virus  of  poliomyelitis  under   the  Rife  microscope,  while  no
   organisms at all could be seen  in  either  the  stained  films  of
   filtrates  and  filtrate sediments examined with the Zeiss scope or
   in hanging-drop preparations examined  by  means of the dark-field.
   Again using  the  Rife  microscope  at  a  magnification  of  8,000
   diameters,   numerous   nonmotile   cocci   and   diplococci  of  a
   bright-to-pale pink in color were seen in hanging-drop preparations
   of filtrates of  Herpes  encephalitic  virus.   Although these were
   observed to be comparatively smaller then the cocci and  diplococci
   of  the streptococcus and poliomyelitis viruses, they were shown to
   be of fairly even density, size  and form and surrounded by a halo.
   Again, both the dark-field and Zeiss scopes failed  to  reveal  any
   organisms, and none of the three microscopes disclosed the presence
   of such diplococci in hanging-drop preparation of the filtrate of a
   normal  rabbit  brain.   Dr.   Rosenow  has  since  revealed  these
   organisms  with the ordinary microscope at a magnification of 1,000
   diameters by means  of  his  special  staining  method and with the
   electron microscope at a magnification of  12,000  diameters.   Dr.
   Rosenow  has  expressed the opinion that the inability to see these
   and other similarly revealed  organisms  is due, not necessarily to
   the minuteness of the organisms, but rather to the fact  that  they
   are  of  a  nonstaining,  hyaline structure.  Results with the Rife
   microscopes, he thinks, are due  to the "ingenious methods employed
   rather than to excessively high  magnification."  He  has  declared
   also,  in  the report mentioned previously, that "Examination under
   the Rife microscope  of  specimens  containing objects visible with
   the  ordinary  microscope,  leaves  no  doubt   of   the   accurate
   visualization   of   objects   or   particulate  matter  by  direct
   observation at the extremely  high magnification obtained with this
   instrument."

        Exceedingly high powers  of  magnification  with  accompanying
   high  powers  of  resolution  may  be realized with all of the Rife
   microscopes, one of which,  having  magnification and resolution up
   to 18,000 diameters, is now being used at  the  British  School  of
   Tropical Medicine in England.  In a recent demonstration of another
   of  the smaller Rife scopes (May 16,1942) before a group of doctors
   including Dr.  J.H.Renner, of Santa  Barbara, Calif.; Dr.  Roger A.
   Schmidt, of San Francisco, Calif.;  Dr.   Lois  Bronson  Slade,  of
   Alameda, Calif.; Dr.Lucile B. Larkin, of Bellingham, Wash.; Dr.  E.
   F. Larkin, of Bellingham, Wash.; and Dr.  W. J. Gier, of San Diego,
   Calif., a Zeiss ruled grading was examined, first under an ordinary
   commercial  microscope  equipped  with a 1.8 high dry lens and X 10
   ocular, and then under the  Rife microscope.  Whereas 50 lines were
   revealed  with   the   commercial   instrument   and   considerable
   aberration,  both  chromatic and spherical noted, only 5 lines were
   seen with the Rife scope,  these  5 lines being so highly magnified
   that  they  occupied  the  entire  field,  without  any  aberration
   whatsoever being apparent.  Dr.  Renner, in  a  discussion  of  his
   observations,  stated  that "The entire field to its very edges and
   across the center had a uniform  clearness that was not true on the
   conventional instrument." Following the examination of the grading,
   an ordinary unstained blood film was observed under  the  same  two
   microscopes.   In  this  instance,  100  cells  were seen to spread
   throughout the field  of  the  commercial  instrument  while but 10
   cells filled the field of the Rife scope.

        The universal microscope, of course, is the most powerful Rife
   scope,  possessing   a   resolution   of   31,000   diameters   and
   magnification  of  60,000  diameters.   With this it is possible to
   view the interior of  the  `pin-point'  cells, those cells situated
   between the normal tissue cells and just visible under the ordinary
   microscope, and to observe  the  smaller  cells  which  compose  th
   interior of these pin-point cells.  When one of these smaller cells
   in  magnified,  still  smaller cells are seen within its structure.
   And when one of the still smaller cells, in its turn, is magnified,
   it, too, is seen to be  composed  of smaller cells.  Each of the 16
   times this process of magnification and resolution can be repeated,
   it is demonstrated that there are smaller cells within the  smaller
   cells,  a  fact which  amply  testifies as to the magnification and
   resolving power obtainable with the universal microscope.

        More then 20,000 laboratory  cultures  of carcinoma were grown
   and studied over  a  period  of  7  years  by  Dr.   Rife  and  his
   assistants  in what, at the time, appeared to be a fruitless effort
   to isolate  the  filter-passing  form,  or  virus,  which Dr.  Rife
   believed to be present in  this  condition.   Then,  in  1932,  the
   reactions  in  growth  of bacterial cultures to light from the rare
   gasses was observed,  indicating  a  new  approach  to the problem.
   Accordingly, blocks of tissue  one-half  centimeter  square,  taken
   from  an  unulcerated  breast  carcinoma, were placed in a circular
   glass loop filled with argon  gas  to a pressure of 14 millimeters,
   and a current of 5,000 volts applied for 24 hours, after which  the
   tubes  were  placed  in  a  2-inch water vacuum and incubated at 37
   degrees C. for 24 hours.  Using a specially designed 1.12 dry lens,
   equal in amplitude  of  magnification  to  the 2- mm.  apochromatic
   oil-immersion lens,  the  cultures  wee  then  examined  under  the
   universal microscope, at a magnification of 10,000 diameters, where
   very  much animated, purplish-red, filterable forms, measuring less
   then  one-twentieth  of  a  micron  in  dimension,  were  observed.
   Carried through 14 transplants from  K  Medium to K Medium, this B.
   X. virus remained constant; inoculated into 426 Albino rats, tumors
   `with all the true pathology of neoplastic tissue' were  developed.
   Experiments conducted in the Rife Laboratories have established the
   fact  that  these  characteristic diplococci are found in the blood
   monocytes in 92 percent  of  all  cases of neoplastic diseases.  It
   has also been demonstrated that  the  virus  of  cancer,  like  the
   viruses  of  other diseases, can be easily changed from one form to
   another by means of  altering  the  media  upon  which it is grown.
   With  the  first  change  in  media,  the  B.  X.   virus   becomes
   considerable  enlarged  although  its  purplish-red  color  remains
   unchanged.

   Observation  of  the  organism  with an ordinary microscope is made
   possible by a second alteration  of  the  media.  A third change is
   undergone upon asparagus base  media  where  the  B.  X.  virus  is
   transformed  from its filterable state into cryptomyces pleomorphia
   fungi,   these   fungi   being   identical   morphologically   both
   microscopically to that of the orchid and of the mushroom.  And yet
   a fourth change may  be  said  to  take place when this cryptomyces
   pleomorphia, permitted to stand as a stock culture for  the  period
   of  metastasis,  becomes  the  well-known mahogany-colored Bacillus
   coli.

        It is Dr.  Rife's belief that all micro- organisms fall into 1
   of not more then 10 individual groups (Dr.  Rosenow has stated that
   some of the viruses belong to  the group of the streptococcus), and
   that  any  alteration  of  artificial  media  of  slight  metabolic
   variation in tissues will induce an organism of one group to change
   over into any other organism included in that same group, it  being
   possible,  incidentally,  to  carry  such  such changes in media or
   tissues to  the  point  where  the  organisms  fail  to  respond to
   standard laboratory methods of diagnosis.   These  changes  can  be
   made  to  take place in as short a period of time as 48 hours.  For
   instance, by altering the media -  4 parts per million per volume -
   the pure culture of mahogany- colored  Bacillus  coli  becomes  the
   turquoise-blue  Bacillus  typhosus.  Viruses of primordial cells of
   organisms  which  would  ordinarily  require  an  8-week incubation
   period to attain their filterable state, have been shown to produce
   disease within 3 days' time, proving Dr.   Rife's  contention  that
   the incubation period of a micro-organism is really only a cycle of
   reversion.

        He states :

        In reality, it is not the bacteria themselves that produce the
   disease,  but  we  believe it it the chemical constituents of these
   micro-organisms enacting upon the unbalanced cell metabolism of the
   human body that in actuality  produce the disease.  We also believe
   if the metabolism of  the  human  body  is  perfectly  balanced  or
   poised, it is susceptible to no disease.

        In  other  word,  the human body itself is chemical in nature,
   being comprised of many  chemical  elements which provide the media
   upon which the wealth of bacteria normally  present  in  the  human
   system feed.  These bacteria are able to reproduce.  They, too, are
   composed  of  chemicals.   Therefore,  if the media upon which they
   feed, in  this  instance  the  chemicals  or  some  portion  of the
   chemicals of the human body, become changed  from  the  normal,  it
   stands  to  reason  that  these  same bacteria, or at least certain
   numbers of them, will also  undergo  a change chemically since they
   are now feeding upon media which are not normal  to  them,  perhaps
   being  supplied  with  too  much or too little of what they need to
   maintain a normal existence.   They change, passing usually through
   several stages of growth, emerging finally  as  some  entirely  new
   entity  -  as  different morphologically as are the caterpillar and
   the butterfly (to use an  illustration  given us).  The majority of
   the viruses have been  definitely  revealed  as  living  organisms,
   foreign   organisms   it  is  true,  but  which  once  were  normal
   inhabitants of the human body -living entities of a chemical nature
   of composition.

        Under the universal microscope disease organisms such as those
   of   tuberculosis,   cancer,   sarcoma,   streptococcus,   typhoid,
   staphylococcus, leprosy, hoof and mouth  disease, and others may be
   observed to succumb when exposed  to  certain  lethal  frequencies,
   coordinated  with  the  particular  frequencies  peculiar  to  each
   individual organism, and directed upon them by rays covering a wide
   range   of   waves.    By  means  of  a  camera  attachment  and  a
   motion-picture camera not built  into  the instrument, many "still"
   micrographs as well as hundreds of feet of motion-picture film bear
   witness to the complete life  cycles  of  numerous  organisms.   It
   should  be  emphasized, perhaps, that invariably the same organisms
   refract  the  same   colors.    when   stained   by  means  of  the
   monochromatic beam of illumination  on  the  universal  microscope,
   regardless of the media upon which they re grown.  The virus of the
   Bacillus  typhosus  is  always  a turquoise blue, the Bacillus coli
   always mahogany colored,  the  Mycobacterium  leprae  always a ruby
   shade, the filter-passing form of virus of tuberculosis  always  an
   emerald  green,  the  virus of cancer always a purplish red, and so
   on.  Thus, with  the  aid  of  this  microscope,  it is possible to
   reveal the typhoid organism,  for  instance,  in  the  blood  of  a
   suspected  typhoid patient 4 and 5 days before a Widal is positive.
   When it is desired to observe the flagella of the typhoid-organism,
   Hg salts are used as the medium to see at a magnification of 10,000
   diameters.

   In the light of the  amazing results obtainable with this universal
   microscope and its smaller brother scopes, there can be no doubt of
   the ability of these instruments to actually  reveal  any  and  all
   microorganisms according to their individual structure and chemical
   constituents.

        With  the  aid  of  its new eyes - the new microscopes, all of
   which  are  continually  being  improved  -  science  has  at  last
   penetrated beyond the  boundary  of  accepted  theory  and into the
   world of the viruses with the result that we can  look  forward  to
   discovering  new  treatments  and  methods  of combating the deadly
   organisms - for science dose not rest.

        To Dr.  Karl K. Darrow,  Dr.   John A. Kolmer, Dr.  William P.
   Lang, Dr.  L. Marton, Dr.  J. H. Renner, Dr.  Royal  R.  Rife,  Dr.
   Edward C. Rosenow, Dr.  Arthur W. Yale, and Dr.  V. K. Zworykin, we
   wish  to  express  our appreciation for the help and information so
   kindly given  us  and  to  express  our  gratitude,  also,  for the
   interest shown in this effort of bringing to the attention of  more
   of  the  medical  profession  the  possibilities offered by the new
   microscopes.

   ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ
   DISCUSSION:
   OBSERVATIONS WITH THE RIFE MICROSCOPE
   OF FILTER-PASSING FORMS OF MICROORGANISMS
   by Edward C. Rosenow, Rochester, Minnesota
   ƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒƒ


        Recently, I reported to the staff of the Mayo Clinic the  more
   important observation made during three days, July 5,6 and 7, 1932,
   spent  in  Dr.   Kendall's  laboratory  ar  Northwestern University
   Medical School, Chicago.  I  went  there  at the invitation of Drs.
   Kendall and Rife, to  share  with  them  their  observations  in  a
   restudy  of  the  filter-passing  forms of Eberthella typhi as seen
   with an improved model of the  Rife microscope.  They asked me also
   to  bring  with  me  my  cultures   of   the   streptococcus   from
   poliomyelitis.

        I  would  like  to repeat here that portion of my report which
   had to do specifically with the Rife microscope.

        Owing to the novel and  important  character of the work, each
   of us verified at every step  the  results  obtained.   Microscopic
   examinations  of  suitable  specimens  was made as a routine by Dr.
   Rife with his high-power  microscope,by  Dr.   Kendall with the oil
   immersion dark  field,  and  by  myself  with  the  ordinary  Zeiss
   microscope equipped with a 2 mm apochromatic oil immersion lens and
   100 X 10 ocular giving a magnification of about 90 diameters.  Most
   observations with the Rife microscope were made at 8,000 diameters.
   In  order  to  check  the  magnification, gram and safranin stained
   films of cultures of  Eberthella  typhi,  of the streptococcus from
   poliomyelitis, and stained films of blood, and of the  sediment  of
   the  spinal fluid from a case of acute poliomyelitis were examined.
   Bacilli, streptococci,  erythrocytes,  polymorphonuclear leukoeytes
   and lymphocytes were clearly seen, and in each  instance  were,  as
   nearly  as  could  be examined with the 2 mm oil immersion at about
   900 diameters.

        The following principles and methods  were stated by Dr.  Rife
   as being essential in order to visualize  clearly  the  objects  at
   this  and  higher  magnifications by direct observation.  Spherical
   aberration is  reduced  to  the  minimum  and magnification greatly
   increased  by  using  objectives  in  place  of  oculars.    Proper
   visualization,  especially of unstained objects, is obtained by the
   use of an intense beam  of monochromatic polarizes light created by
   rotating wedge-shaped quartz prisms placed between  the  source  of
   light  and  the  substage  quartz  condenser.   Dispersion  of  the
   transmitted  rays  of  light,  as  they  pass upward to the eye, is
   prevented by passing them through  a  series of quartz erecting (90
   degrees) prisms.  Projection of the rays of light  through  air  is
   not greater tan 30 mm at any point.

        In my original report I summarized as follows:

        There  can  be  no question of the existence of the filterable
   turquoise blue  bodies  of  Eberthella-typhi  described by Kendall.
   They are not  visible  by  ordinary  methods  of  illumination  and
   magnification,  not  because  they  are  too small.  but rather, it
   appears, because of  their  peculiar non-staining hyalin structure.
   Their visualization  under  the  Rife  microscope  is  due  to  the
   ingenious  methods  employed  rather  there  is to excessively high
   magnification.  Examination under the Rife microscope of specimens,
   containing objects visible with  the ordinary microscope, leaves no
   doubt of the  accurate  visualization  of  objects  or  particulate
   matter  by  direct  observation at the extremely high magnification
   (calculated to be 8,000 diameters) obtained with this instrument.

        The findings under the Rife microscope of cocci and diplococci
   in filtrated of cultures  of  the streptococcus from poliomyelitis,
   and in filtrates  of  the  streptococcus  from  poliomyelitis,  and
   herpes  encephalitis,  not  detectable  by  the ordinary methods of
   examination.  and which resembled in  form  and size those found in
   the respective cultures, and the absence of minute  forms,  suggest
   that  the  filterable,  inciting  agent  of  these  diseases is not
   necessarily extremely small,  as  is universally believed.  Indeed,
   the filterable, inciting agent  may  be  the  non-staining,  highly
   plastic,  hyaline  stage  of  the  visible,  stainable,  cultivable
   organism, the streptococcus.

        It  is,  of  course,  possible that these unstained, invisible
   forms revealed  by  ordinary  methods  of  examination  are nit the
   inciting agents or  `viruses'  of  these  diseases  and  that  they
   represent   merely   the   filterable   of   other   state  of  the
   streptococcus.  A consideration of the  great difficulty one has in
   isolating the streptococcus and demonstrating diplococci in lesions
   in these diseases and the ease with which the bodies are  found  in
   the  filtrate  indicate  clearly  that the `invisible' forms of the
   streptococcus, if such they be, are present in large numbers in the
   host, as in positive  cultures  of  the streptococcus.  Their form,
   size and color are too characteristic and true to  type  to  permit
   considering   them   as   artifacts   or  as  being  expressive  of
   etiologically   unrelated,    contaminating   streptococci.    Non-
   infectivity of the filter-passing forms, except  in  the  cases  of
   virus  diseases, their presence in large numbers in filtrates, both
   of cultures and of  infected  tissues,  and the great difficulty in
   obtaining the visible forms in cultures of filtrates indicate  that
   "invisible,"  filter-passing forms represent a certain stage in the
   development of microorganisms.

   END